![]() The attack on Pearl Harbor sent their lives into sudden chaos. She attended public school, secretarial school, and then took a clerical job with the California state government. She and her three siblings grew up like many other Nisei children (first generation Japanese American citizens). She challenged our country to live up to the promises made in our Constitution, which should ring just as true in times of war as in peace. Mitsuye Endo was born in Sacramento, California in 1920. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is awarded to persons who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, or world peace, or cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.Įndo’s choice to sacrifice her personal freedom in order to pursue her case on behalf of all those interned at the camps demonstrates those qualities worthy of such recognition. The 70th anniversary of the closing of the last camp is a fitting occasion to recognize Mitsuye Endo’s enormous personal sacrifice to accomplish that end. The closing of the camps commenced within weeks of the decision, with the last – Tule Lake – closing in 1946. Once the military announced that it would begin lifting the evacuation orders and closing the camps, the court handed down the decision Ex parte Endo the very next day, holding that the controlling military orders did not permit the government to detain concededly loyal citizens. As many have argued and the California Assembly resolved last year, Endo deserves the same recognition. The others – Gordon Hirabayashi, Minoru Yasui and Fred Korematsu – have all been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (two posthumously) for their sacrifices. Notably, several prominent lawyers in the Roosevelt administration recognized that any internment of citizens would violate the Suspension Clause.Įndo was among the four courageous Japanese Americans who challenged the constitutionality of the military’s policies all the way to the Supreme Court. Constitution, which established strict limitations on when citizens may be detained outside the criminal process. In addition, the internment plainly violated the Suspension Clause of the U.S. For one, they were born of insidious racial and ethnic discrimination. There were also enormous constitutional problems with the policies. He received a one year sentence for his refusal to complete the questionnaire and enroll in the draft. Edgar Hoover – no stranger to robust policing and surveillance – reportedly told Attorney General Francis Biddle that the push for such policies was “based primarily upon public and political pressure rather than on factual data.” This case, one of the four wartime 'internment. Second, in Ex parte Endo (1944), the Court unanimously halted the militarys detention of Japanese-Americans in detention camps. citizens of Japanese ancestry who were 'concededly loyal' in War Relocation Authority (WRA) camps. 283 (1944), announced in December 1944, the United States Supreme Court held unanimously that the federal government could not confine indefinitely U.S. In response to both decisions, the Roosevelt administration rescinded its exclusion orders and allowed internees to return to the West Coast.Even at the time, many prominent government officials expressed great skepticism over the need for such measures. In the case of In re Mitsuye Endo 323 U.S. The Endo decision effectively voided Korematsu. ![]() Government could not detain a citizen who was "concededly loyal" to the United States. Decided on the same day as the Korematsu case, but opposed to it in most respects, Ex Parte Endo, or Ex Parte Mitsuye Endo, (323 U.S. ![]() 214), which upheld the exclusion order that led to the internment of Japanese-American citizens on the West Coast during World War II as threats to national security. This volume contains the landmark decision Korematsu v. Light soiling and shelfwear, card pocket and law-library stamp to front pastedown, internally clean. Original tan buckram, red and black lettering pieces. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1945. The conviction will be sustained but the judgment will be vacated and the cause remanded to the district court for resentence of appellant, and to afford that court opportunity to strike its findings as to appellants loss of United States citizenship. United States Reports, Volume 323: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 1944, From October 2, 1944, To and Including (In Part) January 29, 1945.
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